Table 3 |
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|
CEA levels in exclusive hookah smokers |
||||||
| Number of daily preparations |
Number of daily sessions |
Total daily smoking duration |
CEA mean levels (ng/ml) |
p-values Smokers vs non-smokers |
||
|
|
||||||
| Light Smokers (n = 5) |
1 |
1 |
≤ 20 minutes |
1.06 ± 0.492 |
≤ 0.002157 |
|
| Medium |
Smokers |
1 to 3 |
1 to 3 |
≤ 2 hours |
2.52 ± 1.15 |
≤ 0.9138 |
| (n=28) |
||||||
| Heavy |
Smokers |
2 to 4 |
3 to 8 |
≤ 6 hours |
5.11 ± 3.08 |
≤ 0.0001567 |
| (n=26) |
||||||
| Overall hookah |
exclusive smokers |
1 to 4 |
1–8 |
≤ 20 min-6 hrs |
3.58 ± 2.61 |
≤ 0.0937 |
| (n=59) |
||||||
| Non-smokers (n = 36) |
- |
- |
- |
2.35 ± 0.71 |
- |
|
| *Cigarette (n = 122) |
smokers |
- |
- |
- |
9.19 ± 14.9 |
≤ 5.0 × 10-7 |
| *Mixed hookah/cigarette smokers (n = 14) |
- |
- |
- |
7.16 ± 10.38 |
≤ 0.006069 |
|
|
|
||||||
|
*Data from previous study on cigarettes and mixed hookah (cigarettes, bids) smokers (Sajid et al 2007) aggregated. |
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|
Sajid et al. Harm Reduction Journal 2008 5:19 doi:10.1186/1477-7517-5-19 |
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