Table 2

Factors associated with HIV infection among injection drug users in three highly endemic regions of China
Factors
 N*
 % (HIV+)†
 OR (95% CI)
 P
Knowledge of three major transmission routes for HIV



     Yes
 548
 53.8 (295)
 1.0
 0.006
     No
 129
 40.3 (52)
 0.6 (0.4–0.9)
Received voluntary counseling and testing



     No
 628
 51.3 (322)
 1.0
 0.03
     Yes
 34
 70.6 (24)
 2.5 (1.2–5.0)
Drug use behaviors



Duration of drug use (injection plus non-injection)



     <5 years
 114
 37.7 (43)
 1.0
 0.002
     ≥ 5 years
 432
 53.9 (233)
 1.9 (1.3–3.0)
Duration of injection drug use



     <5 years
 186
 34.9 (65)
 1.0
 0.001
     ≥ 5 years
 381
 56.7 (216)
 2.4 (1.7–3.5)
Frequency of drug injection in the last week



     <2 times
 470
 53.8 (253)
 1.0
 0.6
     ≥ 2 times
 176
 51.7 (91)
 0.9 (0.6–1.3)
Ever shared needle and/or syringe during injection



     No
 328
 49.4 (162)
 1.0
 0.2
     Yes
 341
 54.8 (187)
 1.2 (0.9–1.7)
Ever shared needle and/or syringe in the last injection



     No
 586
 51.2 (300)
 1.0
 0.1
     Yes
 78
 60.3 (47)
 1.4 (0.9–2.3)
No. of people shared needle and/or syringe in the last injection



     = 1
 19
 47.4(19)
 1.0
 0.3
     >1
 56
 62.5(35)
 1.8(0.6–5.3)
Frequency of shared injection needle and/or syringe in the last 6 months



     Never
 516
 52.3(516)
 1.0
 0.4
     Sometimes
 137
 51.8(137)
 1.0(0.7–1.4)
 0.9
     Always
 6
 83.3(5)
 4.6(0.5–39.3)
 0.2
Always carried a needle and syringe with you when you were out



     Yes
 171
 53.8(92)
 1.0
 0.4
     No
 409
 57.5(235)
 1.2(0.8–1.7)
How many times a needle and syringe was used before trashing it



     1 times
 252
 59.1(149)
 1.0
     2 times
 194
 56.7(110)
 0.9(0.6–1.3)
 0.7
     >2 times
 105
 48.6(51)
 0.7(0.4–1.0)
 0.08
Sexual behavior



Living with regular sex partners in the last year



     Yes
 282
 51.8 (146)
 1.0
 0.8
     No
 380
 52.9 (201)
 1.0(0.8–1.4)
Ever had sex with regular sex partners in the last year



     Yes
 257
 51.8(133)
 1.0
 0.8
     No
 23
 52.2(12)
 1.0 (0.4–2.4)
Condom use with regular partner in the last sex act



     Yes
 76
 52.6(40)
 1.0
 0.8
     No
 186
 51.1(95)
 0.9(0.6–1.6)
Frequency of condom use with regular sex partner in the last year



     Always
 81
 45.7 (37)
 1.0
 0.4
     Sometimes
 146
 54.8 (80)
 1.4(0.8–2.5)
 0.2
     Never
 32
 53.1 (17)
 1.3(0.6–3.1)
 0.5
Regular sex partners ever used drugs



     No
 199
 49.7 (99)
 1.0
 0.6
     Yes
 95
 52.6 (50)
 1.1 (0.7–1.8)
Regular sex partner knew you used drugs



     No
 81
 48.1(39)
 1.0
 0.6
     Yes
 214
 51.4(110)
 1.1(0.7–1.9)
Ever shared needle and/or syringe with a regular sex partner



     No
 47
 53.2(25)
 1.0
 0.9
     Yes
 46
 54.3(25)
 1.0(0.5–2.4)
Ever had sex with non-regular partners in the last year



     No
 528
 53.4 (282)
 1.0
 0.3
     Yes
 132
 48.5 (64)
 0.8 (0.6–1.2)
No. of non-regular sex partners in the last year



     1
 45
 51.1(23)
 1.0
 0.5
     >1
 56
 44.6(25)
 0.8(0.4–1.7)
Condom use with non-regular sex partner in the last sex act



     Yes
 42
 54.8(23)
 1.0
 0.3
     No
 92
 45.7(42)
 0.7(0.3–1.4)
Frequency of condom use with non-regular sex partners in the last year



     Always
 73
 39.7 (29)
 1.0
 0.1
     Sometimes
 36
 58.3 (21)
 2.1(0.9–4.8)
 0.1
     Never
 24
 58.3 (14)
 2.1(0.8–5.4)
 0.2
Ever paid or provided drugs for sex in the last year



     No
 507
 56.2(507)
0.2
     Yes
 41
 43.9(41)
 0.6(0.3–1.2)
No. of sex partners ever paid or provided drugs for sex in the last year



     1
 10
 50.0(5)
 1.0
 0.8
     >1
 24
 45.8(11)
 0.8(0.2–3.7)
Condom use during paid or provided drugs for sex in the last sex act



     Yes
 13
 53.8(7)
 1
 0.3
     No
 28
 39.3(11)
 0.4(0.1–1.8)
Frequency of condom use during paid or provided drugs for sex in the last year



     Always
 5
 60.0(3)
 1
 0.2
     Sometimes
 12
 66.7(8)
 0.4(0.2–11.5)
 1
     Never
 23
 30.4(7)
 0.1(0.04–2.1)
 0.3
Ever provided sex for money or drugs in the last year



     No
 83
 32.4(27)
0.7
     Yes
 34
 38.7(13)
 1.2(0.6–2.9)
No. of sex partners for money or drugs in the last year



     1
 0
 0
 -
     >1
 19
 36.8(8)
 -
Condom use during sex for money or drugs in the sex act



     Yes
 13
 30.8(4)
0.7
     No
 16
 43.8(7)
 1.8(0.4–8.1)
Frequency of condom use during sex for money or drugs in the last year



     Always
 0
 0
 -
     Sometimes
 5
 60.0(3)
 -
     Never
 7
 14.3(1)
 -
Syphilis sero-status



     Negative
 614
 50.0(307)
 1.0
 0.9
     Positive
 33
 48.5(16)
 0.9(0.5–1.9)

*: Total N may not equal 689, because of missing data; N: the number of participants being tested for HIV; †: %: the prevalence of HIV infection; HIV+: the number of HIV positive.

Jia et al. Harm Reduction Journal 2008 5:29   doi:10.1186/1477-7517-5-29

Open Data