Table 3

Variables associated with recent witnessing of an opioid overdoses

Number of Witnessed Overdoses (past year)

Negative Binomial Regression


Adjusted Parameter Estimate

95% Confidence Interval


Greater perceived likelihood of overdosing again

ρs = .43***

0.3

0.02 – .50


Greater concern for self-sustained overdose risk

ρs = .33**


Greater concern for others' overdose risk

ρs = .32**


Higher SCL-90 Somatization score

ρs = .40***


Higher ASI Drug composite score

ρs = .37**


Higher ASI Family composite score

ρs = .31*

0.7

-0.9 – 2.4


More days with medical problemsa

ρs = .32**


More troubled by medical problemsa

ρs = .42***

0.6

0.3 – 0.8


* p < 0.05

** p < 0.01

*** p < 0.001

a Past 30 days

ρs = Spearman correlation coefficient

Grau et al. Harm Reduction Journal 2009 6:17   doi:10.1186/1477-7517-6-17

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